What is an ACL injury?

What is the ACL?

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is one of the key stabilising ligaments in the knee. It connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and plays a crucial role in preventing the tibia from sliding forward under the femur. The ACL also contributes to rotational stability, particularly during twisting or pivoting movements.

How Do ACL Injuries Occur?

ACL injuries are common in sports that involve sudden stops, changes in direction, or jumping—such as football, netball, basketball, and skiing. Most tears occur without direct contact and are often accompanied by a popping sound, swelling, and a feeling that the knee has “given way.”

Diagnosing an ACL Tear

An ACL tear is usually diagnosed through a combination of:

• Clinical examination by an experienced orthopaedic surgeon

• MRI scan to confirm the injury and assess for associated damage to cartilage or menisci

• Treatment Options

  Non-Surgical Management

  For less active individuals or those without significant instability, physiotherapy and activity modification may provide adequate relief. This path focuses on strengthening the muscles around the knee to improve function and stability.

  However, for younger or more active individuals—especially those who wish to return to pivoting sports—surgical reconstruction is usually recommended.

  ACL Reconstruction Surgery

  ACL reconstruction involves replacing the torn ligament with a graft, typically using:

  • Hamstring tendons

  • Patellar tendon

  • Quadriceps tendon

  The graft is secured to the bone using modern fixation techniques and over time integrates with your natural tissue. Surgery is typically performed arthroscopically (keyhole technique) as a day procedure or overnight stay.

  Recovery and Rehabilitation

  Rehabilitation is critical to a successful recovery and typically includes:

  • Early physiotherapy to regain motion and reduce swelling

  • Use of cryotherapy

  • A structured strengthening program

  • Gradual return to sport, usually around 9–12 months post-surgery

  Return to full activity depends on meeting certain strength and functional milestones to reduce the risk of re-injury.